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netty-incubator-buffer-api/intent.adoc at f0ee2e146750291f2acd908f9b1ad6748688144b · netty/netty-incubator-buffer-api · GitHub
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in the Netty team, we now have been working a new buffer API, in practise for Netty 5. during this doc, we need to introduce you to the leading alterations during this new API, the factors at the back of them, and the principles guiding us. the brand new API is not yet completed, and is still discipline to change (notably in response to the remarks we’ll get hold of right here), but we agree with that we are a ways adequate alongside that we now have whatever thing tangible to show. We hope that you'll use this opportunity to see how the new API might work on your use circumstances, and supply comments. there are lots of tensions to balance, when designing an API that goes to see such universal use, and it’s crucial that we don’t lock any one out of upgrading, through accidentally making their use case unreasonably difficult to put into effect, or trigger it to have an unacceptable efficiency hit.
How we came
The latest Netty ByteBuf API has been round for a long time, and grown organically over the years. The API surface has become huge, with distinctive methods of doing the identical things, with various degree of consistency. not one of the APIs and implementations have been designed to make use of anything else brought after Java 6. Take, reference counting, for instance. It couldn't be carried out in a means that takes abilities of the try-with-supplies clause that turned into added in Java 7. we now have additionally ended up with a proliferation of buffer implementation classes, and a tall type hierarchy. each elements of this makes it tougher for the JIT compiler to optimise integrating code, and provides overhead. The gigantic variety of features spread throughout many implementations, also makes the API floor harder to test absolutely. It makes it harder to make certain constant behaviour across all implementations and combos. Backwards compatibility has prevented us from cleaning this up. previously, it is, with Netty 5 in the works.
The Java platform is also not standing nevertheless. The OpenJDK undertaking is on a protracted quest to deprecate and replace APIs and technologies that compromise the safety and safety of the Java platform. This work comprises constructing replacements for sun.misc.hazardous, and JNI. Many use cases of dangerous have already got replacements, generally in the variety of VarHandles, but additionally a couple of other APIs. however, working with native memory, in a method that guarantees deterministic deallocation, is still an unsolved issue.
To tackle this, JDK 14 covered a new incubating API for memory administration, referred to as MemorySegment (https://openjdk.java.net/jeps/370). This API is evolving as part of the panama-international task, which goals to deliver
credible replacements to not most effective the native memory administration APIs in unsafe, but also to the C interoperability points of JNI.
we now have been collaborating with the panama-foreign task, featuring remarks to their API designs, and championing our use circumstances. Our new buffer API is being designed with a future in mind, the place entry to hazardous and JNI, is no longer viable. this is, however, now not the implementation we are going to supply at the beginning. The APIs from panama-overseas are nonetheless not entire, and sure received’t be in time for the unencumber of JDK 17. With this in mind, Netty 5 will baseline on Java 11.
the place we're going
The design of the brand new buffer API is guided with the aid of a few ideas, that collectively will make it intuitive, consistent, and fit for goal:
safe reminiscence dealing with. The buffer API we design may still now not, by itself, permit anyone to segfault the JVM, or corrupt memory. here's additionally a strong requirement for the MemorySegment API. Alignment on this point skill the API we design have to aid MemorySegment API safety requirements.
Misuse resistance. As much as is viable, we should still make it complicated or not possible to make use of the buffer API in ways that are incorrect and dangerous. after we can't evade misuse, we should make it easier to use the API in an accurate method, than a incorrect approach. a method during which this manifest itself, is to be sure that reference counting can all the time be coded as a series of, probably nested, are trying-with-supplies clauses.
basic issues may still be easy; complicated things should be viable. Sane defaults and intuitive names may still cater to the most average use cases. on the equal time, we can't simplify to the element of proscribing expressiveness. We aim to strike a balance that doesn't impede advanced uses.
Intuitive API. The API should, as lots as viable, be intuitive to use relative to the current ByteBuf API and ideas. The intellectual mannequin of how it works may still be fundamental, with as few hidden states as feasible. Any hidden magic should still stay hidden, as opposed to leak through the abstractions.
high performance. ultimately, the API should permit fast and effective implementations. individuals have already got a definite expectation for the efficiency of Netty, that we cannot violate. If the brand new API is to exchange the latest one, it ought to be able to in shape it in performance.
optimistically you’ll be capable of see these concepts reflected within the new API.
adjustments and facets of interest
during this part we’ll outline the most important alterations, and most favorite features of hobby within the new API.
Reference counting
Buffers are now AutoCloseable and can be used in are attempting-with-supplies clauses. every allocation and purchase name on a buffer (any resource object, basically) must be paired with a detailed(), and each obtain() call on a send must also be paired with a detailed().
whereas referene counting is a valuable element for tracking resource life-cycles internally, it is not itself exposed within the public API. in its place, the public API easily has a boolean open/closed state. This simplifies the API a superb deal; buffers are created, and within the conclusion they are closed. The code in between must be organized such that it just avoids ever keeping on to buffers that can be closed.
try (Buffer buf = allocator.allocate(8))
// entry the buffer.
// buf is deallocated here.
The exchange of the open/closed state isn't thread-safe, because the buffers themselves - their contents and their offsets - are not thread-safe. here's a deviation from how ByteBuf works, the place the updates are atomic, and the reference count exams on reminiscence accesses are “optimistic” in that they let facts races to happen. This codifies that buffers can't be modified via multiple thread at a time, and that buffers may still be shared by the use of secure ebook. the usage of the send() mechanism helps with the thread-protected switch of buffer possession. A buffers contents can nevertheless be access from assorted threads by way of the get* methods. besides the fact that children, the buffer should be easily read-handiest whereas it's exposed like that, as accesses would otherwise be racy.
If these basic suggestions and patterns are adopted strictly, then reminiscence leaks should still not ensue.
Cleaner attached by default
To stay away from memory leaks due to bugs, like forgetting to shut a buffer, buffers in the new API will at all times have a Cleaner attached. If the buffer example gets garbage collected without being closed correctly, then the Cleaner thread will at last reclaim the memory. This works for both pooled and unpooled buffers, and in the case of the latter, the Cleaner will return the leaked reminiscence to the pool.
notice, however, that the buffers are still reference counted, because this has greater predictable memory usage - primarily when using off-heap buffers. Off-heap (or direct) buffers can deliver
the GC an inaccurate photo of reminiscence utilization, which in flip can cause abrupt bouts of negative efficiency when the device is below load. The cleaner is a fall returned with a purpose to possible even be used as part of leak detection.
Slices are gone
The latest ByteBuf API has a couple of methods that enable multiple buffers to share access to the equal reminiscence. It seems that this means is at the coronary heart of why reference counting is a necessary a part of the ByteBuf API. via eliminating the a number of slice() and replica() strategies, along with the hold()/unencumber() family of strategies, we also eradicate the capability for buffers to share reminiscence. This enables us to simplify the reference counting theory to a simple boolean open/closed state. Buffers are created, and on the end of their existence, they are closed, which releases their reminiscence lower back to where it came from.
Buffer interface
The summary ByteBuf type, and its hierarchy of a lot of buffer implementations, are all replaced by using a single interface: Buffer. The 14 public ByteBuf and derived classes, plus a lot of different personal implementations, might be removed from the Netty API floor. Internally, the variety of implementations will even be enormously decreased.
In our present prototype code, we most effective have two implementations: one in response to MemorySegment, and a prevalent CompositeBuffer that composes different Buffer cases into one better Buffer instance. None of those implementations are public; handiest the interface is. it is our goal to preserve it that method, and to maintain the number of concrete implementations very small, after we build an implementation that helps Java eleven.
All of our assessments are additionally written in terms of the interface, and are parameterised over the implementations in numerous states. This gives us excessive self belief that all implementations behave the exact same.
Allocator interface
The BufferAllocator replaces the ByteBufAllocator. The change is that the Allocator “simply allocates” Buffer cases, and leaves the details of what that means as much as the implementation. This capacity that if the buffers are pooled or no longer, are off-heap or on-heap, are choices to trust when selecting an Allocator implementation.
within the ByteBufAllocator API, the implementation of the allocator made choices about no matter if the buffers have been pooled or no longer, and also if there become a choice for the buffers to be on- or off-heap, but the ByteBufAllocator API also has strategies for explicitly allocating both on- or off-heap.
This API surface is a lot reduced within the new BufferAllocator API. The BufferAllocator implementation choice is making a choice on the on-/off-heap, and pooled/unpooled axis. These decisions are made available as a household of static manufacturing facility methods on the BufferAllocator interface, so they’re effortless to find. when you obtained an BufferAllocator illustration, that you would be able to only allocate buffers.
try (BufferAllocator allocator = BufferAllocator.heap();
Buffer buf = allocator.allocate(8))
// access the buffer.
ByteCursor
The ByteProcessor is not going away, but we're introducing a brand new idea for processing the records in a buffer, known as the ByteCursor. A cursor is akin to an Iterator, except the hasNext() (checking if there's a next aspect) and subsequent() (relocating to that subsequent point) methods are combined into one, and there's a separate method for obtaining the newly got element.
This API vogue seems to be generally easier for the JIT compiler to optimise (https://github.com/netty/netty-incubator-buffer-api/pull/11), devoid of a lot deviation from the generic Iterator sample. This additionally allows for external iteration, where it's generally more convenient to decide when to cease iterating, than it is inside a ByteProcessor callback method. by way of moving to external iteration, it additionally becomes feasible for integrating code to process bytes in bulk, via iterating 8 bytes at a time, as longs, as an alternative of being forced to technique them one at a time as within the ByteProcessor.
right here’s an instance where ByteCursor is used to copy the readable bytes from one buffer to a different. note that the byte order of the vacation spot is briefly set to huge endian, because the ByteCursor.getLong() formula at all times returns the price in huge endian format:
var order = dest.order();
dest.order(BIG_ENDIAN);
try
var cursor = src.openCursor();
whereas (cursor.readLong())
dest.writeLong(cursor.getLong()); // Bulk movement.
whereas (cursor.readByte())
dest.writeByte(cursor.getByte()); // Tail move.
finally
dest.order(order);
The Buffer interface also has copyTo() methods that may accomplish the same in fewer traces, and probably faster as well. The above is only for illustration purpose.
Composite buffers
In our current API, CompositeByteBuf is a publicly uncovered classification, part of the API floor. In our new API, composite buffers broadly speaking cover in the back of the Buffer interface, and all methods on Buffer have been designed such that they work equally well on both composite and non-composite buffers. this is to steer clear of the pains currently accompanied the place we code that branches on no matter if a buffer is composite or not, and do one issue or another according to this tips. Being in a position to unify these code paths will help with maintainability.
There are, however, some strategies of composite buffers that don’t make sense on non-composite buffers. One such components is extending a composite buffer with greater add-ons. for this reason, the CompositeBuffer category continues to be public, such that these composite buffer specific strategies have a natural home.
Buffers need to be aware of their allocators, to be able to implement ensureWritable(), and the same is right for composite buffers. That’s why the components to compose buffers takes a BufferAllocator as a primary argument:
are attempting (Buffer x = allocator.allocate(128);
Buffer y = allocator.allocate(128))
return CompositeBuffer.compose(allocator, x.ship(), y.send());
The static compose() method will create a composite buffer, even when only given a single buffer, or no buffers.
The composite buffer takes ownership of every of its constituent part buffers, by means of the ship<Buffer> arguments. This guarantees that the composite can not be brought into a state it is invalid, through direct manipulation of its add-ons.
however there's in principle isn't any want for integrating code to grasp whether a buffer is composite, it is still feasible to question, in case it is positive for some optimisations. this is executed with the countComponents(), countReadableComponents(), and countWritableComponents() family of methods. These strategies exist on the Buffer interface, so non-composite buffers have them too, and may pretend to have a single part, particularly themselves. whether it is crucial to know with definitely, if a buffer is composite or now not, then the static CompositeBuffer.isComposite() formulation may also be used.
if you comprehend that a buffer is composite, and the composite buffer is owned, then it’s viable to extend the composite buffer with extra add-ons, using the CompositeBuffer.extendWith() method.
Composite buffers can also be nested, however they're going to flatten themselves internally. that is, that you would be able to move composite buffers to the CompositeBuffer.compose() method, and the resulting composite buffer will appear to contain all their data just as if the accessories had been non-composite. although, the new composite buffer will become with the flattened concatenation of all constituent add-ons. This capacity the number of indirections will now not boost in the new buffer.
Iterating add-ons
The forEachReadable() and forEachWritable() methods iterate a buffers readable and writable areas, respectively. A composite buffer can have assorted such areas, whereas a non-composite buffer will at most have one in every of each. This uses inside generation, where a ReadableComponent or a WritableComponent is passed to the element processor, with a purpose to doubtless be a lambda expression in the ordinary case. through the use of inner iteration, we are able to fully disguise any sort of nesting of the buffer implementations. link
The ReadableComponent and WritableComponent objects expose a limited set of strategies. Their fundamental purpose is to help interfacing the buffer with gadget calls and the like. A element will at all times be capable of make a ByteBuffer available, and it could optionally expose an array or a native pointer.
similar to how ByteProcessor works nowadays, the element processor is allowed to stop the generation early with the aid of returning false. The forEachReadable() and forEachWritable() strategies return the number of components processed, and if the iteration became stopped early, this number could have a negative sign.
These ReadableComponent and WritableComponent objects, and the way they expose reminiscence, substitute the internalNioBuffer() and nioBuffer*() family unit of methods. The part objects themselves are only legitimate in the callback method, however the ByteBuffer they expose will also be used until an possession-requiring components is called on the buffer. almost always of thumb, the byte buffers should still be used and discarded in the same formulation scope as the name to the forEachReadable() or forEachWritable() method.
skill and max potential
ByteBuf has separate means() and maxCapacity() ideas, and allows one to freely exchange the potential of the buffer. in the new API we are making things a little more strict. The conception of a buffer having loosely defined ability goes away.
there'll only be a ability(), no maxCapacity(). The capacity can most effective be accelerated by calling ensureWritable(), or then again within the case of a composite buffer, by using calling CompositeBuffer.extendWith().
There is only one ensureWritable() components. it works similar to the ByteBuf.ensureWritable(size, real) where the “authentic” capacity it is allowed to allocate new backing reminiscence. considering that it will possibly change the measurement of the buffer, and its allocated memory, the ensureWritable() components requires possession.
means is not any longer accelerated automatically via the a considerable number of write*() methods. in case you run out of reminiscence, an exception will be thrown.
This potential that where you in the past may do anything like this:
byte[] toWrite = ...;
buf.write(toWrite);
You now ought to do some thing like this:
byte[] toWrite = ...;
buf.ensureWritable(toWrite.size);
buf.write(toWrite);
The maxWritableBytes() and maxFastWritableBytes() strategies are replaced via a single writableBytes() method. Likewise, the discardReadBytes() and discardSomeReadBytes() are both changed by way of a single compact() method, so we can require ownership to call.
No extra marker indexes
Marker indexes, and the mark/resetReader/WriterIndex() family of strategies are going away, with out a substitute planned.
No greater ReplayingDecoder
The ReplayingDecoder is counting on a complicated exception-based mostly protocol, so as to simulate continuations and create the phantasm of infinitely readable buffers. here is being eliminated without a alternative planned.
Byte order
within the new API, the Buffer.order(ByteOrder) formula will exchange the byte order for accessors on the present buffer instance. within the ancient API, ByteBuf.order(ByteOrder) lower back a new buffer example that introduced a view of the original buffer using the given byte order.
considering the fact that the old API forced allocation and wrapping of the buffer to take place, it incurred some overhead. To cope with that, the get/set/study/write*LE() household of strategies the place introduced. These, despite the fact, have inconsistent behaviour reckoning on the buffer implementation.
in the new API, there are not any greater little-endian certain accessor strategies. If a specific byte order is favored, then this should still be set on the buffer. on the grounds that the brand new API changes the state of the buffer instead of wrapping it, it's a cheap operation to do.
Indexes vs. offsets
The readerIndex and writerIndex at the moment are called readerOffset and writerOffset. here's to make the naming greater constant and actual. An “index” implies access to reminiscence at a assorted of the point measurement, like indexes into a protracted-array as an instance,while “offset” is a difference in bytes from some base tackle.
The MemorySegment APIs which are being developed in the OpenJDK task will use the same terminology, and making these identify changes now will steer clear of confusion in the future.
No extra boolean accessors
The get/set/study/writeBoolean accessor methods are being eliminated with no substitute deliberate. they've ambiguous that means when working with buffers that are fundamentally byte-granular.
Splitting buffers with cut up()
With the removing of the slice() household of strategies, we're in need of an choice solution to method a buffer in parts. as an instance, in Netty, the ByteToMessageDecoder collects records into a accumulating buffer, from which records frames are produced and then sent off to be processed extra down a pipeline, potentially in parallel in different threads.
for the reason that slices would cause reminiscence to be shared, they might without problems lock out all methods that require ownership. this might be a problem for any such collecting buffer, on account that it should develop dynamically to accommodate the greatest message or body measurement.
this fashion, both areas of memory will also be considered to be independent, and therefore they have unbiased possession. the two buffers nonetheless share the equal underlying memory allocation, and the limitations and mechanics make certain that here's protected to do.
The reminiscence administration is handled internally with a 2d degree of reference counting, which skill that the usual memory allocation is barely reused or freed, when all cut up buffers have been closed. These internal particulars are safely managed even when slicing, sending, or increasing the split buffers with ensureWritable().
buf.writeLong(x);
buf.writeLong(y);
executor.publish(new assignment(buf.split().ship()));
buf.ensureWritable(512);
// ...
within the above illustration, we've written some facts to the buffer, and we are looking to method it in an extra thread while on the same time being able to write extra data into our buffer. The split() name splits off the readable a part of the buf buffer, into a new buffer with its own impartial ownership, which we then send off for processing. due to the fact split() splits the ownership of the reminiscence, we preserve ownership of the writable part of the buf buffer, and we're capable of name ensureWritable() on it. don't forget that ensureWritable() requires ownership, or else it'll throw an exception.
Transferring possession with ship()
considering that reference counts are supposed to be managed with are trying-with-supplies clauses, we run into situation when a buffer’s existence cycle, and the code that manages it, is not any longer tree-fashioned. for instance, if we are looking to send a buffer from one thread to one more.
The send() method is the answer to this. It deactivates the existing buffer and returns a send<Buffer> object, which can then safely be shared with different threads. The receiving thread then calls ship.obtain(), and gets the buffer returned out. because ship() simplest works on owned buffers, the receiving threads are guaranteed to get their buffers in an owned state.
it's vital to take some care with error dealing with around ship() calls. If the receive() system is not called on the ship object, then the memory of the buffer usually are not available. within the end, the buffer may need to be reclaimed by using the Cleaner in order to prevent leaks.
The “deactivation” of the current buffer outlined above, capability that the reminiscence is safely shared, in spite of the fact that the code breaks protocol and tries to entry their buffer illustration after the send() name. When this occurs, and exception can be thrown to the offending thread.
var send = buf.send();
executor.submit(() ->
are attempting (Buf got = send.receive())
// process bought buffer...
);
within the above, the buf.send() call creates a ship<Buffer> object, and deactivates the buf example, making its memory inaccessible. A Buffer example is a view onto some memory, however it isn't the memory itself. When the receiving thread calls send.get hold of(), it receives a new Buffer instance returned. This new acquired buffer example is backed via the equal reminiscence that the buf instance used. The small volume of object allocation is a necessary part of the defense residences of the ship() mechanism.
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