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Exam Number : NRA-FPM
Exam Name : NRA ServSafe Food Protection Manager
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NRA-FPM exam Format | NRA-FPM Course Contents | NRA-FPM Course Outline | NRA-FPM exam Syllabus | NRA-FPM exam Objectives
Providing Safe Food
Foodborne Illness
=> How Food borne Illnesses Occur
Keeping Food Safe
Forms of Contamination
Biological, Chemical, and Physical Contaminants
Deliberate Contamination of Food
Responding to a Foodborne Illness Outbreak
Food Allergens
The Safe Food Handler
How Food Handlers Can Contaminate Food
A Good Personal Hygiene Program
The Flow of Food: An Introduction
Hazards in the Flow of Food
Monitoring Time and Temperature
The Flow of Food: Purchasing, Receiving, and Storage
General Purchasing and Receiving Principles
Storage
The Flow of Food: Preparation
Preparation
Cooking Food
Cooling and Reheating Food
The Flow of Food: Service
Holding Food
Serving Food
Food Safety Management Systems
Food Safety Management Systems
Safe Facilities and Pest Management
Interior requirements for a Safe Operation
Emergencies that Affect the Facility
Pest Management
Cleaning and Sanitizing
Cleaning and Sanitizing
Dishwashing
Cleaning and Sanitizing in the Organization
Appendix
Organisms That Cause Foodborne Illness
This Syllabus is strictly adhered to and there are no provisions for practical experience.
I. Providing Safe Food including the ethical responsibility of operators to provide a safe product, how to produce
such a product, what can happen when sanitation is breached, common sense approach to maintaining good
sanitation, and the role of the NYS Board of Health in keeping the food supply safe, the FAT TOM concept.
II. Forms of Contamination including biological, chemical, and physical contaminants, how to prevent common
problems and outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, specific pathogens and their preferred growing environments, the
four phases of bacterial growth.
III. The Safe Foodhandler including effective training and protocols for staff to maintain good sanitation, the role of
personal hygiene in maintain safe food handling practices, making every day a "health inspection day".
IV. The Flow of Food
V. Food Prep and Service including the role of HACCP in the food safety arsenal, following potentially hazardous
foods through the operation from purchasing to post production reports.
VI. Food Safety Management
VII. The Safe Facility including modeling safe food handling practices, providing tools and training for safe food
handling, response to outbreaks of foodborne illness (perceived or real), discussion keeping the facility pest and
contaminant free including proactive tactics, how to read and use Material Safety Data Sheets.
VIII. Cleaning and sanitizing and National Certification exam including the definitions of the terms clean versus
sanitary, different types of sanitizers including chlorides, and quaternary sanitizing agents and their uses,
sanitizing practices for major equipment, surfaces, service ware and hand tools.
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Food Food Question Bank
In an interview for the true fundraising job at the Oregon meals bank, C. Nathan Harris turned into requested if he had ever developed an inventive approach to fundraising work. His answer: putting much less emphasis on economic dreams for fundraisers as a measure of success and greater on human-focused measures like relationships with supporters.
Jokingly, he described his philosophy using a lyric from the Broadway musical hit hire: âHow do you measure a yr? What about love?â
His answer have to have left an affect. Harris got the job.
at the time, the approach changed into largely theoretical. but Harris and his building group are now working to follow it.
The experiment has multiple goals: to make fundraising a more just profession, to build greater genuine relationships with donors and the broader group, and to support the public keep in mind the foundation motives of hunger â and to take motion to battle it. It borrows ideas and language from social-justice organizers, lots of which may seem to be foreign to many fundraisers. The wholesale reimagining of what development can be is terribly an awful lot a work in development, but the corporation hopes the brand new strategy will increase its mission and enrich the giving event for donors and fundraisers alike.
âtogether we are going to create whatever different that's rooted in philanthropyâs true meaning, a love for humankind, and is rooted in fairness,â says Harris.
sure, fundraisers are nonetheless responsible for raising money. âWeâre not forsaking the conception of fiscal goals,â Harris says. âat the end of the day, we nevertheless have to cling ourselves dependable as helpful stewards of the substances we should fulfill the food bankâs mission.â however fundraisers aren't evaluated in keeping with the cash they bring in.
Leaders are working to enhance equipment that allow them to track different warning signs of donor engagement and body of workers pride. That pivot requires the food financial institution to deliver more opportunities for individuals and corporations to be trained, develop, and engage in motion and attach with the cause â with presents seen as only one of many ways people reveal their âloveâ of the cause.
Measuring love is a squishy proposition. meals-financial institution leaders say itâs an test theyâre constructing as they go. however they say their North star is the companyâs values, no longer cash.
Burnout and Underperformance
The problems that the food bankâs strategy seeks to address will now not surprise any person working in fundraising.
âAn orientation to financial results wherein we value the economic contribution of the donor greater than the integrity and well-being of our group of workers creates the circumstances for top turnover,â Harris says.
Oregon food financial institution
Making monetary outcomes the correct priority for fundraisers leads to inequities and burnout, says C. Nathan Harris, the Oregon meals financial institutionâs development director.
Fundraisers who face sexual harassment or racism, principally from donors, may also hesitate to document it, involved it could have a negative impact on their careers and skill to shut future presents. Fundraisers additionally suppose theyâre being held liable to fiscal desires after they donât finally have control over even if donors decide to provide.
Case in factor: the pandemic. meals banks and pantries throughout the USA have considered remarkable demand during the last year. The crisis reversed the previous decadeâs growth toward ending starvation in the u.s., and donors have stepped up to support the charities that meet instant wants and handle hungerâs reasons. A survey of the 200 meals banks in Feeding the usaâs network discovered that collectively they raised 106 % greater within the 2020 fiscal year than in the outdated 12 months.
while fundraisers worked themselves into the floor to connect with donors and renowned gifts, closing yearâs listing high revenues may have had extra to do with donorsâ problem in regards to the Covid economic crisis than selected movements taken by using fundraisers. still, fundraisers might also think power to continue to usher in excessive degrees of help even in an environment through which donors are less inclined or capable of supply. that may lead to burnout.
âIf weâre managing staff to fiscal results, that outcomes in a profession that's much less distinct, that is opposed to women, and that generates burnout,â Harris says. âThe nonprofit sector is sort of committing itself to a cycle of underperformance.â
moreover, the containerâs laser center of attention on raising more money skill that some donors â particular those from lower-earnings backgrounds and communities of color â often get hold of much less attention from development personnel. Whatâs greater, monetary contributions are many americansâs primary type of engagement with causes and social movements these days, says Mario Lugay, senior innovation director at Justice Funders, who has helped the meals bank crew enhance its approach. because the statewide network of meals banks and pantries, Oregon meals financial institution aims to become a âpolitical homeâ that helps facilitate supportersâ civic engagement.
âIf donating is a proxy for relationships that people are looking to have, and building workforce are those managing that, then theyâre in this wonderful placeâ to impact different styles of engagement around the flow to conclusion starvation, Lugay says.
To be certain, Harris nevertheless stories to his boardâs finance and audit committee on a daily foundation, and his crew nevertheless experiences month-to-month on growth toward economic goals.
but an awful lot of whatâs measured in a fundraising workplace is an instantaneous outcomes of how its database is built. So alongside financial symptoms like greenbacks raised and the variety of donors giving, Harrisâs team is working to measure things like how a good deal donor research a fundraiser had done or the variety of acknowledgment letters sent.
Over time, Harris and his group hope to be capable of track issues like no matter if a supporter volunteers, contributes to different companies united in the battle to end starvation, or engages in advocacy for a more simply food equipment, from turning out to be it to transporting and marketing it â all defined by way of the team as symptoms of affection and fairness.
These factors additionally book prospect management and may in the end exchange the composition of fundraisersâ portfolios.
group of workers Reactions
while some of those new practices are works in progress, other alterations took place rapidly. The development branch was renamed the neighborhood Philanthropy crew to honor fundraising ideas and principles that recognize the interconnectedness between the firmâs workforce as an entire and the communities it serves.
Most fundraisers got new titles â many felt the commonplace title of âofficerâ evoked police and military imagery. gift officers are now called âbuilders.â several additional team of workers members were employed, and the crew changed into restructured in order that fundraisers now manage fewer donors.
In August 2020, about eight months into the branchâs transformation, the crew got here together to share feedback and discuss their fears and considerations.
Some group of workers members felt like they could take bigger hazards, innovate, and superior align the groupâs work to the values of the firm. Others have been worried about a scarcity of readability on efficiency measures.
Barb younger, a veteran fundraiser, has been at the Oregon meals financial institution for a decade and works directly with most important donors. When Harris joined the team, younger says she changed into supportive of his imaginative and prescient in theory however changed into skeptical about how it would pan out in follow.
âMy philosophy has always been to construct genuine relationships with donors,â young says. And that hasnât modified.
Early on, she questioned how a firm that depends on fundraising success to retain its great operations would in the end put much less emphasis on money as a measurement of success.
When she served as a building director at outdated organizations, the buck stopped together with her to record to the board and ensure the nonprofit was meeting its operating goals. Itâs been challenging to depart financial goals in the back of, or at the least to supply them much less weight, she says. âItâs so ingrained in you as a fundraiser that you simplyâve obtained this number to hit,â she says. âThe greatest exchange is being able to let that go.â
but over time, sheâs discovered the alterations to be liberating, she says. She went from managing a portfolio of around 220 donors to near 150. âIt basically opens up the skill to make an effort integral to definitely domesticate and nurture significant relationships,â she says. âIt encourages chance taking that we can also no longer have felt comfortable with earlier than.â
younger additionally appreciates that she and her colleagues were capable of help shape the imaginative and prescient and its evolution in its place of being handed a methodology from the exact down. âwe all had the probability to make a contribution and have our voices heard,â she says.
Zakiya Jackson heard Harris speak at a national gathering of food-financial institution employees and turned into drawn to his focus on neighborhood and equity. on the time, she worked at a food financial institution in Madison, Wisc., and had develop into dissatisfied with how she noticed fundraising teams working. âWe be aware of that we need the bucks,â she says, âhowever it looks as although that has taken priority over the specific mission and the communities, the individuals that we serve.â
When she interviewed for a place on the Oregon meals bank, she had questions about how her performance would be evaluated.
âi needed to know, Is there a quarterly financial purpose that I should attain and aspire to? Are there so many donors that I need to be speaking with and connecting with on a monthly groundwork? In my previous experience, that has been baked into my job description,â Jackson says.
She joined the team in February in a job concentrated on company and group relations.
Sheâs nonetheless getting to recognize supporters and advantage donors, but she says her conversations were about what it potential to support the meals financial institution. âThe center of attention is more suitable on what the firm or company can present,â she says. âIt doesnât consider to me that thereâs this tight timeline of in case you need to be capable of close that gift.â
She now feels different pressures, as more conversations have focused on how supporters can assist increase equity in the community. but she sees that as a chance, she says.
It has additionally changed the manner she views her work. âIâm greater motivated,â Jackson says. âIâm basically greater impressed because I actually have anything that I definitely, truly believe in.â
Provocative Questions
Motivation for the work is likely one of the meals bankâs new indications of success, as measured by using an internal team of workers evaluation, which turned into impressed with the aid of a âBrown paperâ written by way of method and comparison consultant Shiree Teng referred to as âMeasuring Love on the experience to Justice.â
It asks fundraisers how they see their work, their colleagues, and supporters in quite a lot of dimensions. as an example, does a fundraiser consider able to deal with supporters from all walks of lifestyles equitably â together with those with splendid wealth, those that are experiencing meals insecurity, young donors?
other questions stand in sharp distinction to traditional measures of worker satisfaction. for example, it asks employees to consider statements like: âMy self-care habits are revolutionary acts of resistance to capitalistic exploitation and extraction.â
a new donor survey, which become first performed in March and April, appears different than what donors are aware of seeing: It goals to measure issues like no matter if the meals bank has helped supporters determine new ways to take motion to conclusion starvation and if the meals bankâs advertising and marketing and communication substances contributed to that supporterâs understanding of systemic inequity as hungerâs proper trigger.
The survey asks to what extent donors agree or disagree with statements like: âI consider my aid a sign of my love for my neighbors who improvement from Oregon meals bankâs work â those experiencing systemic inequity rooted in racism, xenophobia, transphobia, classism, sexism, and more.â
About 1,600 donors replied to the survey, and only a handful â round 15 to 20 donors â spoke back with a criticism of the survey, Harris says. âSome individuals have been like, âappear, I donât deserve to be in love with you. Iâm actually simply right here to make a present.ââ
Respondents had been also asked to react to short fictional experiences about individuals experiencing hunger in an attempt to more advantageous consider donor attitudes about the factors of hunger and poverty. It asks them to identify the reason for the personaâs food insecurity and which characters are the âactual heroesâ of the story . Respondents additionally obtained a followup email explaining why the âmythological narratives,â which the meals bank called âpervasive and hurtful,â have been delivered. âThese narratives don't resonate with OFB and with lots of our supporters,â the email explained.
Harris expects to repeat a edition of that survey every 12 to 18 months or so that you could tune change.
âSo an awful lot more Humanâ
The food financial institutionâs blog post about its exchange all started circulating around fundraising networks ultimate year.
When it reached Kim Klein, a veteran fundraising consultant for grassroots social-justice nonprofits, she pointed out the meals financial institution became saying whatever thing out loud that everybody had been thinking for years.
âduring the past couple many years, individuals have develop into way too financially pushed,â Klein says. âThe beauty of statistics is you send out this many appeals, you get this percent again. Itâs very genuine, and you may plot it on a graph. people like it.â however measuring the way you meet human wants is inherently different, she says. âItâs complicated because itâs a little bit more tender.â
Klein wasnât a stranger to Harrisâs work. She consulted with the Transgender law middle when Harris become construction director there, but she has now not consulted with the Oregon meals bank.
as the food financial institutionâs test progresses, one question is whether or not the shift will affect fundraising.
Oregon food bank
Over time, the Oregon meals bank wants to tune issues like even if a supporter volunteers, contributes to other groups united within the fight to conclusion starvation, or engages in advocacy.
Itâs doubtless that many food banks and other groups that saw a spike in donations in 2020 will see a return to pre-pandemic patterns this yr, and donor retention is on the minds of most of the food bankâs fundraisers. Klein says if the meals financial institutionâs retention price drops, because it possible will for many social-carrier corporations this year, itâs not going to be on account of this strategy. âironically, I think this will make them much more money.â
Klein explains that donors who gave $1,000 in 2019 and then misplaced their jobs in 2020 and werenât capable of deliver
closing 12 months could be regarded lapsed donors through usual financial metrics,. and fundraisers might work to get them to come returned and make another present. but within the meals financial institutionâs approach, they might nevertheless be viewed as supporters. Fundraisers could say, âTheyâre not donating at the moment, however theyâre still a donor. Letâs keep in touch with them. Letâs hope they discover a job. Letâs hope that their finances flip around,â she says. âItâs so tons greater human.â
One early check indicated that the new method might also resonate with supporters. The shift allowed staff to believe comfy trying whatever thing different than the direct-mail messaging that has worked neatly for food banks for a long time, equivalent to: âYour donation of $1 equals three nutrients for a hungry infant.â
âThat has been this sort of successful message for monetary outputs for thus long that we havenât tested other messaging that might tell a real story of starvation,â Harris says.
Fundraisers proven the message to look how donors would respond. the new story showcased the basis motives of starvation â it referred to how systemic inequities and systemic oppression drive poverty, and poverty drives starvation.
âWe were hesitant to inform that story so boldly and so generally as a result of we werenât certain it will produce the equal styles of economic effects as that tried-and-genuine message of a hungry child,â Harris says.
the brand new attraction raised extra money and generated a much better normal gift, however the difference in present size between both appeals wasnât statistically large.
The mailing may have additionally helped circulation the needle on public consciousness of starvation and its explanations.
Harris issues that different businesses may undertake this sort of messaging without doing the work on inside culture and alternative dimension. âI occasionally fear that the theory of de-centering cash to middle love and equity might basically generate stronger financial outcomes,â he says. If the conception is co-opted for fiscal causes, he wonders, âwill it in fact work?â
There can be moments when the values-driven method is in anxiety with the deserve to lift cash, admits Harris. as an instance, within the first six months of the food bankâs current fiscal 12 months, 53,000 pleasing donors made gifts. Thatâs a big spike from the 20,000 unique donors who supported the meals financial institution all through the same period closing 12 months. whereas a brief acknowledgment from the food bank could be perceived because the company caring for the donor, the time may be viewed as unrealistic urgency, even rooted in white- supremacy culture, Harris says.
This led to a discussion among the group that approaches donations and sends present acknowledgments: Does it make feel to measure the time it takes for the group to ship an acknowledgment letter in fundraiser critiques?
They concluded that it could actually make sense but that when donation quantity is overwhelming, the group should as an alternative look at other aspects of their work to check whether theyâve been a success. âyou probably have a team designed to method presents from 30,000 annual donors and abruptly you have 53,000 in six months, the time it takes to system a gift is an unreasonable and even not possibleâ comparison measure, Harris says.
The community Philanthropy crew additionally drafted a group of workers bill of Rights. on the proper of that list: âOur group participants have a right to work safely, authentically, and free from discrimination and harm whereas bringing their holistic, intersectional identities to pleasurable Oregon meals financial institutionâs mission and imaginative and prescient.â
progressive Voices
The food bankâs approach attracts on language from author and social activist bell hooks.
âThe transformative energy of affection is the basis of all meaningful social change,â she wrote in her 2001 publication Salvation: Black individuals and Love. âwithout love, our lives are with out that means. Love is the coronary heart of the matter. When all else has fallen away, love sustains.â
the use of progressive voices to bolster the meals financial institutionâs argument is apt, says Klein, the advisor. however she doesnât view the groupâs approach as radical. All nonprofits locate themselves in a sort of liminal space at this stage within the pandemic.
âWeâre no longer in reality in-Covid, but weâre now not rather put up-Covid, so weâre in this form of doorway,â she says. âhere is a chance for all nonprofits â in spite of whether theyâre tremendous corporate, super facts-pushed, super group organizing-concentrated â to say, âgood enough, once we pass during the door to a really post-Covid world, how do we are looking to be?â Letâs now not go again to the historical approaches as a result of pretty much nothing about the means issues have been earlier than Covid become working.ââ
Reimagining the fundraising department during a time of far flung work and instability has posed challenges, however Harris consents the timing is right.
âAn atmosphere that is already in flux will also be an environment ripe for change,â he says.
each person has to grapple with the question of whether or not theyâve made an impact on the earth, Harris says. For his half, he's pleased with what his team has accomplished to date. âi hope that each of them appear within the replicate daily and mirror returned to themselves: âWeâre making transformational trade aligned with our values.ââ
Correction (might also 19, 2021, 8:36 p.m.): An earlier version of this story noted that about sixteen,000 donors, not 1,600, responded to a survey.
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